11^th International Conference and Exhibition on Pharmacology and Ethnopharmacology July 18-19, 2018 Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Chemistry - Curriculum Biological Systems. Since 2014 he is a PhD student, near to conclusion, under the supervision of full Professors Mauro Serafini and Armandodoriano Bianco. Since 2010, during his bachelor thesis, he has been working in the field of chemistry of natural compounds, phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology. He has published more than thirty papers in several scientific journals and has participated to a dozen of national and international congresses. Since 2016, he has also been playing the role of referee for a lot of journals concerning phytochemistry and has been doing academic activities.

Lamiaceae is a family of plants included in the Angiosperms group comprising 7 sub-families, 16 tribes, 9 sub-tribes, 236 genera and more than 7000 species. It represents probably one of the most known and studied family from the phytochemical and ethnopharmacological standpoints. For what concerns phytochemistry, Lamiaceae can be divided into two big groups. The first one comprises all those species producing mainly volatile terpenoids, found prevalently in the essential oils, whereas the second one comprises species biosynthesizing mainly components of the polar fraction. Typical examples of the first class are Salvia L., Mentha L., Rosmarinus L. species while typical examples of the second class are Ajuga L., Teucrium L., Melittis L. and Stachys L. species. Several phytochemicals have been isolated from Lamiaceae species such as α and β-pinene, menthol and limonene in the essential oil, di and tri-terpenes, flavonoids and iridoids in the polar fraction. Some of these all are even considered to be chemotaxonomic markers of several genera of Lamiaceae. Also from the ethnopharmacological point of view, Lamiaceae is very important. In fact, the essential oils of these species are known to exert anti-bacterial and antioxidant properties while the polar compounds are known to exhibit anti-viral, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities, instead. These things may explain and maybe justify the employments of Lamiaceae species in traditional medicine where, still nowadays, they are used to treat several disorders and ailments. Throughout the lecture, all of this will be discussed and widened also considering the very recent mind changes of the scientific community on specific species of this family like those belonging to the Ajuga and Tecurium genera which are now considered to be toxic due to the presence of particular secondary metabolites known as neo-clerodane diterpenoids, being indeed, responsible of this effect.

The meridian is a fundamental concept of Chinese medicine. Based on this concept, Chinese medicine physicians diagnose illnesses through analyzing the pulse of patients, and thereafter prescribe herbal formulae for remedy. During the past three decades, our research team found, the meridian could be measured through pulse diagnosis. Meridians match to harmonics of blood pressure pulse wave. With the meridian concept, we discovered a series of compounds from Cnidii Fructus which is the simplest herb formulae described in Shang Han Za Bing Lun. Including derived BMX, these compounds have been identifiedm as a HDAC8 inhibitor. Meanwhile, we developed these compounds guided by the meridian effect on liver and gall bladder which dominate the blood perfusion of brain recorded in Chinese medicine classic literature. As we expected, BMX passes through BBB (blood brain barrier) in our study. These results provide confidence to us for brain cancer therapy.

Asma Allal is currently a doctoral student in natural products chemistry at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Tlemcen (Algeria). She is an active member of the natural substances team of the laboratory of natural and bioactive substances of the chemistry department. She is currently working on chemical characterizations, the investigation of some biological activities and the valorization of underutilized plant extracts from western Algeria.

The present study focused on the preliminary phytochemical screening of Daphne gnidium L. and was undertaken in order to determine the content and composition of the aerial part essential oil. D. gnidium L. belonging to family thymelaeceae, is an evergreen shrub that grows in the Mediterranean area specially in the north west of Algeria and can reach 2m in height. This plant has been used to dye the wool and the silk in yellow or in brown colors. This species has various biological activities and has been used in the traditional medicine in the treatment of hepatitis and other diseases. Essential oils were obtained by using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and were then chemically characterized by Gas Chromatography (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. Preliminary qualitative chemical tests for aqueous and ethanolic extracts revealed the presence of various classes of compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and sterols. Chromatographic analyses showed that this essential oil is a complex mixture of terpenes and that the most abundant chemicals were oxygenated monoterpene compounds, with carvone (16.51%) as the major compound. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report in the literature addressing the profile of Daphne gnidium essential oils.

Fizza Batool has completed pre-medical. She is a student, researcher, and volunteer with organizations also doing marketing managing. Her expertise in evaluation and passion for improving the health and wellbeing with an opportunity to gain experience and knowledge. She has built this model after years of experience in research, evaluation, workshops, seminars, and administration all are in organizations and educational institutions. She has a good talent for this pathway and has a different way of focusing.

Many cancer patients use therapies promoted as literal alternatives to conventional medical care. Such “alternative”modalities are unproven or were studied and found worthless. These can be harmful. An even greater proportion of cancer patients use “complementary” therapies along with mainstream cancer treatment. Most are helpful adjunctive approaches that control symptoms and enhance the quality of life. This review describes alternative as well as complementary therapies commonly used today by cancer patients. Herbal remedies also are discussed. Evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) is reviewed, and implications for oncologists are discussed. To encourage open communication of CAM use by patients, oncologists should be knowledgeable about the most popular remedies and know where to find reliable information for themselves and for their patients. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) use is widespread and on the increase among cancer patients. Most research to date has involved a cross-sectional snapshot of CAM use rather than an exploration into the longitudinal, nonlinear treatment trajectories that cancer patients develop. Our aim is to explore and describe different treatment and decision-making pathways that individuals develop after receipt of a diagnosis of either breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer.

Mohammad Ahmad has worked with many experimental models to carry out research studies on various neurological diseases of human health importance. His particular interest lies in correlating his research findings in perspective of Nursing care and infusing more interest in Nursing research activities. After doing his Ph.D. he visited Queen's University of Belfast, UK. to persuade his Post-Doctoral studies on the ultrastructural anatomy and neurophysiology of helminth parasites of health importance. He has a vast experience of research and teaching. At present, he is an Associate Professor in Medical Surgical Department of Nursing College, King Saud University teaching courses of Anatomy and Physiology, Pathophysiology, Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Medical Microbiology. He has published more than 60 papers and is in the Editorial and Review Boards of many international journals of repute and high impact factors.

Statement of the Problem: The lithium-pilocarpine model of Status Epilepticus (SE) is most suitable and is frequently used for pathophysiological and management strategies in search of new, safe and effective therapeutic agents for SE. Recent studies have shown a significant potential of the pharmacological, prophylactic and therapeutic use of Nigella sativa (habba sauda) seed extract (NSE) for many beneficial activities in the body including neuroprotection from neurodegenerative diseases and have antioxidant property. Methodology: In the present study we investigated the effects of NSE on intensity and frequency of SE, cognitive behavioral dysfunction, hippocampal oxidative stress and histological abnormalities in the hippocampus of animals induced with SE by lithium (Li) in 3mgEq/ml/kg dose, i.e. followed 20h later by pilocarpine (Pc) in 20mg/ml/kg dose, s.c. NSE was administered intraperitoneally at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/mL/kg, 30 minutes before Pc injection. Mortality (if any) within 24 hours was also recorded. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee review board of the college, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Results: Treatment with NSE significantly ameliorated the frequency and severity of epileptic seizures in a dose-dependent manner. The cognitive dysfunctions were improved, hippocampal oxidative stress was ameliorated and neuronal cell loss and sprouting of mossy fibers in the hippocampus were also attenuated significantly and dose-dependently by NSE. Conclusion and Significance: Possibly, therapeutic application of Nigella sativa seed as an antiepileptic and as an antioxidant for the treatment of SE has a great potential and warrants further studies.

Jian-Xin Liang has completed his undergraduate course from the Hubei University of Chinese Medicine. Now she is completing her master study in Jinan University School of Medicine. She has published 2 papers, including “Atg7-mediated autophagy is involved in the neural crest cell generation in chick embryo” Molecular Neurobiology, and “BRE modulates granulosa cell death to affect ovarian follicle development and atresia in the mouse.” Nearly for 2 years, she has been doing research about the impact of baicalin on the heart and vascular development of embryos, which are in the PGDM (previous gestational mellitus) environment.

Aims: Baicalin is a traditional Chinese medicine for tocolysis. Whether it can protects early embryonic cardiovascular development caused by gestational diabetes is obscure, and the mechanism remains unclear. In this research, early chicken embryo was used as a model to explore the molecular mechanism of baicalin in reducing the early cardiovascular developmental deformity caused by high glucose environment.

Methods: We found that 6μM baicalin administration can attenuate the death rate and retardation of chicken embryos caused by high glucose environment significantly. Thus, we observed the chick embryos in HH7, HH8, HH10, HH11stages, which are treated with simple saline, high glucose (50 mM) and/or Baicalin (6 μM). In this study, we used immunofluorescence,

situ hybridization, RT-PCR, Western blot, qPCR and others to observe the expression of the key transcription factors, and the changes of autophagy-related genes, apoptosis-related genes, ROS in the development of cardiovascular so that to study whether or not Baicalin could attenuate hyperglycemia-induced malformation of cardiovascular system and the mechanism. At the same time, we studied the mechanism involving ROS, autophagy and apoptosis, combined with HUVEC cell. In addition,

we also used Baicalin to treat the mice in diabetes model induced by Streptozotocin(STZ) and observed whether or not this has the protective impact on the blood glucose and other organs of diabetes mellitus mice.

Results: Hyperglycemia-enhanced cell apoptosis was reduced in embryos and HUVECs in the presence of Baicalin. Hyperglycemia-induced excessive ROS production was inhibited when Baicalin was administered. Analyses of classical antioxidant enzymes, MQAE and GABAA suggested Baicalin plays an antioxidant role in chick embryos possibly through

suppression of outwardly rectifying Cl(-) in the high-glucose microenvironment. What’s more, hyperglycemia-enhanced autophagy fell in the treatment of Baicalin, through affecting the ubiquitin of p62 and accelerating autophagy flux. Both Baicalin and Vitamin C could reduce apoptosis, but CQ did not, suggesting autophagy to be a protective function on the cell survival. In mice, Baicalin decreased the elevated blood glucose level caused by STZ.

Conclusions: In brief, these data suggest that hyperglycemia-induced embryonic cardiovascular malformation can be attenuated by Baicalin administration through suppressing the excessive production of ROS and autophagy. Baicalin could be a potential candidate drug for women suffering from gestational diabetes mellitus.

Amal Y Aldhebiani, associate professor in Plant Taxonomy, Biological Sciences Dept. Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. PhD from University of Reading, United

Kingdom. Research interest in Flora of Saudi Arabia and medicinal plant in the country, their taxonomy and uses. Phytochemical compounds analysis and their

application. Genetic diversity among medicinal plant and how would that affect the chemical constituents and the environmental relation.

Different plants have been traditionally used in folkloric medicine to treat many diseases and disorders or to improve human health due to their secondary metabolites which have excellent antimicrobial activities. Commiphora gileadensis and Abutilon bidentatum were collected from Al-Abwa region, Saudi Arabia, identified, extracted and their antibacterial activity was determined by agar well diffusion method. Extraction by methanol, ethanol, acetone and hot water was carried out and some multidrug-resistant bacteria were used as test bacteria. Maximum activity was recorded for the methanolic

extract against all tested bacteria with inhibition zone diameter ranged from 31-35 mm and MIC was ranged 37.5 μg/ml. The lowest activities were recorded for the water extracts of the two plants Commiphora gileadensis, and Abutilon bidentatum. Abutilon bidentatum extract showed weaker antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria compared to C. gileadensis leave extracts. It is noticed that C. gileadensis stem extracts showed stronger antimicrobial activity. The methanolic extracts of the two tested plants have no toxicity using Artemia salina as a test organism. In conclusion, C. gileadensis and A. bidentatum can

be traditionally and safely used against multidrug-resistant bacteria due to the efficient antimicrobial activities and low toxicity.

Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric. It possesses antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-aging activities. It is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP1A2, and CYP2C9 enzymes. Sitagliptin is an oral antihyperglycemic agent, belongs to class DPP-4 inhibitor. It is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 enzymes. In the drug interaction study of curcumin with sitagliptin, diabetes was induced in the albino wistar rats intraperitoneally using 55 mg/kg Streptozotocin (STZ). Then they were divided into four groups of six each. Group, I treated with sitagliptin (10 mg/ kg), group II treated with curcumin (80 mg/kg), group III treated with curcumin followed by sitagliptin and group IV treated with curcumin for 7 days and on the eighth day followed by sitagliptin. Blood samples were collected from an orbital puncture at time intervals between 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24hrs using heparinized capillaries. Different biochemical parameters were estimated by using respective methods for 28 days. The obtained pharmacokinetic data shows an increase in Cmax, Tmax, AUC total, AUC0-n, t½, MRT and decrease in Vd and CL in both normal and diabetic rats. In pharmacodynamic study group IV showed a decrease in serum glucose levels at all time points. There was a very significant (p<0.001) influence in the percentage of glucose reduction in diabetic rats under multiple dose treatment but less significant (p<0.05) influence in normal rats. Thus, the improved pharmacokinetic parameters of sitagliptin were more observed in the multiple dose treatment groups, and the improvement of pharmacodynamics was significant in only diabetic rats under multiple dose treatment. This may be due to the synergistic effect of curcumin and sitagliptin by inhibition of CYP3A4 in STZ induced diabetic rats. Hence sitagliptin dose may require special attention if used along with curcumin or herbal preparations containing curcumin to avoid complications.