Ethnopharmacology is dedicated to the exchange of information and understandings about people's use of plants, fungi, animals, microorganisms and minerals and their biological and pharmacological effects based on the principles established through international conventions. Early people confronted with illness and disease, discovered a wealth of useful therapeutic agents in the plant and animal kingdoms. The empirical knowledge of these medicinal substances and their toxic potential was passed on by oral tradition and sometimes recorded in herbals and other texts on materia medica. Many valuable drugs of today (e.g., atropine, ephedrine, tubocurarine, digoxin, reserpine) came into use through the study of indigenous remedies. Chemists continue to use plant-derived drugs (e.g., morphine, taxol, physostigmine, quinidine, emetine) as prototypes in their attempts to develop more effective and less toxic medicinals.

Ethnopharmacology is to identify the objectives of a largely virtual field whose self-identified membership represents a diverse suite of academic and applied disciplines, as well as commercial interests. In earlier times Ethnopharmacology was an endeavour characterized more by folkloristic than scientific inquiry; today it is heavily represented among published investigators trained in Pharmacology, Anthropology, Botany, and Pharmacognosy. Contributions are made as well by historians of science, clinicians, ethnographers, agronomists, biochemists, researchers in veterinary medicine, and others. This multi locality frustrates efforts to harmonize objectives and integrate methodologies; at the same time, it creates a dynamic tension that encourages dialogue

A well-known facet of ecosystems is that the edges—the boundaries or transitions from one ecosystem to another—often exhibit high levels of species richness or biodiversity. These transitional areas often show features of species composition, structure, and function representative of the ecosystems they transcend, as well as having their own unique array of species and characteristics. Cultural transitional areas—zones where two or more cultures converge and interact—are similarly rich and diverse in cultural traits, exhibiting cultural and linguistic features of each of the contributing peoples. This results in an increase in cultural capital, and resilience, by providing a wider range of traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom on which to draw, especially in times of stress and change. We propose that indigenous peoples whose living territories traverse ecological edges have a correspondingly increased access to economically important resources and therefore have a greater capacity for flexibility. Finally, we suggest that indigenous peoples are drawn to areas having a high incidence of ecological edges, and furthermore, that they actively create and maintain ecological edges. This practice provides them with a greater diversity of cultural capital and helps to maintain their flexibility and resilience. 

Natural product biosynthesis sciences now face challenges at many fronts. At a global and economical level, biodiversity is diminishing everyday as the rain forest gives away to farmland and the coral reef is destroyed by pollution. As a result, many potentially valuable natural products are lost forever before we even know their very existence. An immediate implication beyond the direct loss is that we have less natural products. 

Neuropharmacology is the learning of how drugs influence cellular function in the nervous system, and the neural mechanisms through which they influence behaviour. The studies are more concerned with the interactions of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neurohormones, neuromodulators, enzymes, second messengers, co-transporters, ion channels, and receptor proteins in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Advanced studies are being made to improvise developments in drugs to treat numerous diverse neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases known to be Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, pain, addiction, psychological disorders and many more.Neuropharmacology is the learning of how drugs influence cellular function in the nervous system, and the neural mechanisms through which they influence behaviour. The studies are more concerned with the interactions of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neurohormones, neuromodulators, enzymes, second messengers, co-transporters, ion channels, and receptor proteins in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Advanced studies are being made to improvise developments in drugs to treat numerous diverse neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases known to be Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, pain, addiction, psychological disorders and many more.

Medicinal herbs and their derivative phytocompounds are being increasingly recognized as useful complementary treatments for cancer. A large volume of clinical studies have reported the beneficial effects of herbal medicines on the survival, immune modulation, and quality of life (QOL) of cancer patients, when these herbal medicines are used in combination with conventional therapeutics. 

Plants of the genus Drypetes (Putranjivaceae) are used in the Subsaharan African and Asian traditional medicines to treat a multitude of disorders, like dysentery, gonorrhoea, malaria, rheumatism, sinusitis, tumours, as well as for the treatment of wounds, headache, urethral problems, fever in young children, typhoid and several other ailments. Some Drypetes species are used to protect food against pests, as an aphrodisiac, a stimulant/depressant, a rodenticide and a fish poison, against insect bites, to induce conception and for general healing. This review deals with updated information on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and biological activities of ethnomedicinally important Drypetes species, in order to provide an input for the future research opportunities.

The development of natural product-derived drugs poses significant challenges in several areas. Of prime concern is the supply of the drug in sufficient quantities to permit preclinical, and hopefully clinical, development, and ultimately, if given a successful, clinical outcome, commercial production. Another major challenge is that of formulation. Natural products generally are highly insoluble in aqueous media, and such solubility is a prime requirement for administration of the drug to human patients, particularly through the intravenous route commonly used in the treatment of cancer patients. 

Intercultural Ethnopharmacology is aimed to serve an intercultural present day method to the understanding approximately world-extensive utilization of complementary medicine and their empirical and proof-primarily based outcomes.

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